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Corrective rape is a major contributor to HIV infection in South African lesbians. Many are ostracized, and other abusive measures are taken in order to "cure" individuals of their sexuality.Ĭorrective rape and other accompanying acts of violence can result in physical and psychological trauma, mutilation, unwanted pregnancy, and may contribute to suicide. Sexuality and gender especially, define the social and political rank of victims. Intersectionality plays a major role in corrective rape cases. Taking into account race and sexuality together is essential when examining corrective rape, as both subjects cross into each other and influence each other heavily. Research in 2008 by Triangle, a gay rights group, revealed that black lesbians were twice as afraid of sexual assault as white lesbians. In South Africa, black lesbians may face homophobia, sexism, racism, and classism. Intersectionality is intersecting social identities and related systems of oppression, domination, or discrimination. Because of this, some of these people believe sexual orientation can be changed or, as they see it, fixed. Despite the scientific community concluding that sexual orientation is the result of biology and environment, many people do not believe that homosexuality (or other forms of non-heterosexuality) has a genetic basis and instead believe it is only the result of one's environment. Some sources argue that many cases of corrective rape are caused by drawing moral conclusions from the nature–nurture debate. Personal experiences have included female victims being told they were "being shown what they were missing" while male victims have related gang rape accounts "where the objective was to make the experience of being sexually receptive so violent and frightening that the victim would fear potential homosexual experiences afterwards". Some perpetrators of the hate crime are impelled by a sense of misogyny and chauvinism. ActionAid reports that survivors remember being told that they were being taught a lesson. Some people believe corrective rape can "fix" people who do not conform to gender norms or who are not heterosexual. A 2000 study suggested an atmosphere supportive of hate crimes against gay men and lesbians, reactions to hate crimes by the broader community, and responses by police and justice systems contribute to corrective rape. Contributing factors and motivations Ĭorrective rape is a hate crime. Others have emphasized that gay men, transgender, asexual and intersex people can also be victims of corrective rape for similar reasons. A 2013 global study on HIV/AIDS suggested the term lesphobic rape to emphasize the fact that lesbians constitute the overwhelming majority of victims of this phenomenon. The words "so-called 'curative' or 'corrective' rape" were mentioned in 2011 in the first UN report on discrimination and violence against LGBT+ people. The guidelines propose that the term homophobic rape should be used instead. The United Nations UNAIDS 2015 Terminology Guidelines suggests that the term corrective rape should no longer be used, as it gives off the perception that something needs to be fixed. Why is no one studying this? Has it just been under-reported, not studied, or what? I'd like to know how many women are being raped by brothers, fathers, etc., in coloured townships. I don't know why black lesbians are targeted more, either. Gangsterism has always existed in the townships, so you can't attribute it to that. Growing up, I never heard that lesbians were targeted in this way and so I want to know when that started happening. To what extent are coloured lesbians also targeted for rape because of their sexual orientation? There are no statistics for this, and I don't know what percent of coloured lesbians are targeted for corrective rape action. African lesbians are more likely to be raped as lesbians in the townships. Lesbians are particularly targeted for gang rape. One of the earliest known mentions of the term is by South African feminist activist Bernedette Muthien during an August 2001 interview by Human Rights Watch in Cape Town: The crime was first identified in South Africa, where it is sometimes supervised by members of the woman's family or local community.
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The goal is to punish perceived abnormal behavior and reinforce societal norms. For other uses, see Curative (disambiguation).Ĭorrective rape is the use of rape against people who do not conform to perceived social norms regarding human sexuality or gender roles.